为什么日冕的温度要高于太阳的表面?

为什么日冕的温度要高于太阳的表面? 0:44
最新发布时间: 2018-12-17
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 好的,各位朋友大家好,欢迎收听《科学播报》。一般来说,我们常见的例如篝火这样的热源,它的外围温度必定是随着与中心的距离越远而变得越低。然而,作为一个中心温度高达1500摄氏度的热源,太阳却有着不太一样的现象。为什么太阳最外面的日冕温度反而要高于太阳表面的温度?

日冕主要由太阳表面飞出的等离子体构成。在月球遮挡住太阳、形成日全食的前后,我们就有机会清晰地看见这层套住太阳的、如同指环般的日冕。日冕的亮度不像太阳本身,它与满月的亮度很接近,因此人们可以裸眼观看。令人感到奇怪的地方是,在太阳表面光球层的位置,温度只有大约5500摄氏度;而再往外的日冕层,温度却突然提高到数百万摄氏度。这个现象与我们对于热源与距离所知的常识截然相反。

关于日冕的谜团有很多,但这个是最为费解的一个。科学家们认为,之所以出现这种情况,是因为受太阳深处所形成的磁场影响。与热传导不同,磁场作用过程不会受到热力学原理的限制,能量完全可以从较低温的表面到达高温的最外面。不过,具体的能量传递方式却尚未弄清:究竟是爆炸产生的高温,还是磁场波动的加热?

当日食发生的时候,对于广大天文学爱好者来说,它是一个令人激动的时刻;而对于研究太阳的科学家们,这正是观测和研究日冕的绝佳时机。首先,日食发生时日冕的形状会格外清晰、易于观察;其次,虽然单次日食的时间并不长,但是世界各地的观测点都可以提供对同一次日食的观测数据,这对于研究来说极为便利。具体来说,日食的照片与数据可以为科学家们提供关于日冕形态、各组成部分细节,以及物质活动状况的信息。

除此之外,在日食期间,科学家还会利用飞机跟踪日食,测量日冕磁场;另一方面,美国国家航空航天局也会派出探测器接近太阳,收集日冕数据。在多方研究人员的共同努力之下,相信科学家们将会对日冕磁场的作用机制有新的研究突破。如果能够解开日冕温度的谜团,就能帮助科学家们解开关于太阳与磁场的诸多疑问,最终完善整个天文学的理论大厦。

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