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贫富差距可能导致物种损失吗？

贫富差距可能导致物种损失吗？ 0:44
最新发布时间： 2019-08-29
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　　社会资源分配不平等的地区环境政策通常较为薄弱（图片来源：pixabay）
　　工业污染很可能会导致地区内物种的大量损失。然而根据一些研究发现，地方社会问题也是造成物种损失加剧的原因。
　　上世纪90年代来自美国的研究者曾经提出，人均收入越高的地方，污染水平也会越高；不过当人均收入达到某个高度以后，情况就会完全相反，污染水平开始下降。因此长期以来，对于环境问题人们有两种不同的观点。一种观点认为经济发展是导致环境问题的最大原因；另一种观点则认为经济发展可以改善环境问题。
　　而在今天看来，污染水平也许并不是和人均收入直接相关，而是与社会不平等紧密联系。一些研究者发现，社会不平等因素对于环境问题的影响和人均收入因素几乎有相同的趋势。在不平等程度较高的发达国家里，人们会注意到有关部门对于环境政策的支出明显较低，投入到环境科学研究的资源也相对较少。另一方面，人们也更难以在不平等加剧的情况下，额外去维护自身周边的自然环境。
　　
　　收入不平等对物种损失的影响要大于传统认为的人口密度因素（图片来源：pixabay）
　　2000年前后，美国的研究者曾经对大部分州进行了大范围的调查统计，涉及了所在地的成人教育水平、收入差距、税收政策，以及供水系统、卫生设施、医疗机构的完善程度。结果正如过去所猜想：当某一地区的贫富差距增大、社会资源分配明显不平等时，这些地区的环境政策通常较为薄弱。并且，地区内的人们的环境意识普遍薄弱，污染也相对严重，该地区会有更多物种的生存受到威胁。
　　物种损失与环境问题密切相关。人类活动对生态环境造成破坏，导致物种濒危的案例多不胜数。而调查结果显示，贫富差距所带来的不平等状况，同样是形成环境问题的原因之一，最终也会加剧动植物的灭绝。
　　收入不平等对物种损失的影响要大于传统认为的人口密度等主要因素。过去几十年里，研究者将各类调查统计数据与该地的物种损失情况进行比对。以2010年的数据为例，收入不平等对物种损失的影响在所有因素中比例已经高达15%，位居第二，要高于人均生产总值、环境政策和人口密度对于物种损失的影响。
　　
　　一些地区将环境污染问题转移到远离经济中心的地方（图片来源：pixabay）
　　不平等程度越高的地区，碳排放量越大，森林砍伐越快，濒危物种也就越多。另一方面，这些地区往往倾向于发展经济，而将环境问题搁置或者转移到远离经济中心的地方，这也造成了空气污染和水污染问题的进一步恶化，导致了周边更多的濒危物种的产生。
　　在2012年前后，一项对超过五十个国家的统计调查发现，一个国家的基尼系数越高，其国内受威胁的物种也就相对越多。基尼系数是衡量居民收入差距的指标（范围在0到1）。基尼系数达到0.5以上，意味着该国家收入较不平均。此时，其国内平均可能会有超过200种生物的生存受到威胁。
　　但是，这些现状也并非无法挽回。过去一些城镇在改善某些社会发展指标之后，生态环境情况明显有所好转，甚至可以根除部分污染物。因此，一些环保人士认为，除了持续号召人们建立环保意识之外，消除社会不平等本身也是保护生态环境的一种方式。
　　
原创稿件
制作：叶鹏飞
审校：魏潇 中山大学神经科学博士/中国科学院心理学研究所 博士后研究员
参考文献：Drupp, M. A., Meya, J. N., Baumgärtner, S., & Quaas, M. F. (2018). Economic Inequality and the Value of Nature. Ecological Economics, 150, 340-345. 

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