火星和金星哪一个更适合人类居住?

火星和金星哪一个更适合人类居住? 0:44
最新发布时间: 2019-11-08
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  火星真的是一片死寂吗?(图片来源:pixabay)

  无论是作为人类未来移居地的一种选项,还是科幻作品中出现外星生命的地方,我们的两个邻居星球——火星和金星——登场的频率总是最高的。几十年来,伴随着空间探索技术的发展,人类也从未停止对于这两颗星球的研究。在今天看来,究竟哪一个星球是更加适合人类居住的呢?

  1964年,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的水手4号探测器成功接近火星,并传回了第一张火星表面的照片。火星的死寂一度让所有人失望,但是在之后数十年的探索中,科学家却逐渐发现了越来越多移民火星的可能性。直到最近的十年里,在全世界顶尖工程师、物理学家和航天机构的共同努力下,可回收的火箭发射系统、大型的载人航天技术等都实现了诸多突破性的进展。这些进步可能正是人类移居火星的开端。

  人类对金星的探索史与火星几乎相似,不过最大的成就首先出现在麦哲伦号探测器上。1989年, NASA在肯尼迪航天中心发射了以著名航海家麦哲伦(Ferdinand Magellan)命名的探测器。麦哲伦号探测器搭载了美国当时最先进的勘测技术,主要目标就是完成对金星的探测任务。这一次的研究全面地更新了人类过往对于金星的认识,它的探测数据直到今天仍在被不断地使用。

  

  地球与金星的温度比较(图片来源:见参考文献)

  在麦哲伦号和之后的各类探测器发回的探测数据中,科学家们得到了各种关于金星的重大发现。其中,一种理论认为,金星上的火山活动频繁,必然存在板块构造运动,这是行星形成大气和海洋的重要条件之一。在这种理论的推导下,金星甚至曾经存在过液态水,它可能和地球有着极其相似的演变过程。

  但遗憾的是,金星没能够成为另一个地球,因为金星距离太阳更近。太阳系的“宜居带”过去可能在金星和地球之间,但是随着太阳年龄的增长,亮度增强,这个“宜居带”也在逐步向外推移。当地球处于“宜居带”的时候,正好也是诞生生命的最佳时期。但在金星具备可能出现生命的条件时,它已经不在“宜居带”之内。至少温度这一因素让金星不再宜居。不过太阳仍在成长,火星是不是也将会处在“宜居带”,而成为下一个地球呢?

  最大的问题是,火星没有像地球一样拥有能够诞生生命的巨大海洋。并且,火星也没有金星那样明显的板块构造运动痕迹。尽管火星存在于太阳系的“宜居带”可能还有很多时间,但是要创造出能够存在生命的环境,或者仅仅只是适合人类居住的环境,依然十分困难。不过正如前文所言,科学家并没有放弃相关的探索与研究,技术的突破总能带给人们新的希望。

  

  新的金星探测计划正在推进(图片来源:pixabay)

  另一方面,NASA也计划重返金星。如果一切顺利,在2021年我们就可以得到观测结果。新的探测计划将会运用到今天最顶尖的观测和成像技术,为过去的各种猜想和理论提供最直接的图像证据。这正如当年麦哲伦号探测器集中先进技术、完成探测并全面更新人们的认知一样。并且更进一步,科学家对金星演变过程的理解,可以帮助人们分析太阳系之外那些类似金星的行星,是否也具备成为一个宜居星球的条件。

  一直以来,在浩瀚的宇宙中,我们似乎还未曾发现另一个存在生命的地方。但是我们从未停下探寻的脚步,希望不远的将来,我们能够找到地球以外另一个适合人类居住的星球。

 

原创稿件

制作 叶鹏飞

审校 于颖卓 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士

参考文献:Way, M. J., Del Genio, A. D., Kiang, N. Y., Sohl, L. E., Grinspoon, D. H., Aleinov, I., . . . Clune, T. (2016). Was Venus the first habitable world of our solar system? Geophysical Research Letters, 43(16), 8376-8383.

  

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