电动汽车的排放量有多大?

电动汽车的排放量有多大? 0:44
最新发布时间: 2020-06-20
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电动汽车被视为一种新型、清洁的交通工具(图片来源:pixabay)

  由于近年来全球气候状况的恶化,大气中二氧化碳含量持续升高,为了缓解日益严峻的变暖形势,许多国家和地区正在逐步推行各种能源转型的政策。其中,电动汽车被视为一种新型、清洁的交通工具,电动汽车产业也因此蓬勃发展。

  但是,电动汽车并不一定能实现我们所希望的二氧化碳零排放。换句话说,这些通过新型能源驱动的交通工具,其排放量实际上并不能被轻易忽视。零排放自然是一种主观上的错觉,即使是电动汽车,也会形成二氧化碳的排放。因此一些环境学家认为,电动汽车在被真正地推广使用之前,还需要有更加仔细的权衡与研究。

  理论上说,电动汽车本身确实是能够节能减排。但是,给电动汽车供能的发电厂却仍在不断地排放工业气体。交通运输在生态语境下就不可能是一个零排放的过程。随着电动汽车的不断增加,二氧化碳的排放只会进一步扩大。从另一方面来看,制造电动汽车相比较于传统汽车工业要多出好几道工艺程序,这些多出的工艺程序,让这台电动汽车早在出发之前就已经产生了排放。

新能源涉及的排放问题复杂,而传统能源依然在被生产和使用(图片来源:pixabay)

  相比传统汽车燃料,电力以及其他新能源在整个使用过程中都要显得更加复杂,需要考虑的方面也更多。当我们研究排放问题的时候,并不仅仅是思考能源本身是否为可再生,而是这些新能源在制造、输送、消耗和供能的过程中是否会额外增加二氧化碳的排放。但是,人们在考虑使用电动汽车的时候,总是将这些影响忽略不计,而将目光聚集在电动汽车最直观的优势上。

  事实上,以德国制造业为例,每生产1千瓦时电量就会排放500克以上的二氧化碳。并且,电力输送系统本身也需要煤电的辅助。另外,包括电动汽车的耗电量、充电频率等等也是非常重要的影响因素。不同档次的电动汽车,其性能也有着巨大的差距,不能一概而论。这些因素所造成的多余二氧化碳排放,应该计入电动汽车的排放量之中。

  进一步推算,实际上每辆电动汽车平均下来也只不过减少了一点排放量,还必须是长期使用,以补回在其它方面上的额外排放。而当前的能源结构又不以电动汽车作为唯一的标准,传统的能源依然在被生产和使用。一方面电动汽车并不完全使用清洁的电力,另一方面清洁的电力也并没有完全覆盖到各方各面。从这个角度考虑,似乎还有更多不必要的损耗。

必须正确地看待电动汽车的利弊(图片来源:pixabay)

  或许我们不应该对所谓“零排放”的电动汽车报以过多的期望,但这也不是说电动汽车就没有任何优势。德国环境部门以及多项调查报告还是肯定了电动汽车的节能减排优势,大约在12%-16%之间。

  随着能源结构的改善、电动汽车的持续运作,这些优势会慢慢地增大。我们必须正确地看待电动汽车的利弊,采取有效的措施趋利避害。除了相关部门的措施之外,电动汽车用户也应该具备一点能源知识,共同实现让环境变得更好的目标。

 

原创稿件

制作 叶鹏飞

审校 赵峥 北京师范大学物理系教授

参考文献:Helmers, E., & Weiss, M. (2017). Advances and critical aspects in the life-cycle assessment of battery electric cars. Energy and Emission Control Technologies, Volume 5, 1-18.

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